Method for conducing concentrated cannabis oil to be stable, emulsifiable and flavorless for use in hot beverages and resulting powderized cannabis oil

ABSTRACT

A method for producing powderized  cannabis  oil, and the resulting powderized  cannabis  oil, in which concentrated  cannabis  oil is mixed with and absorbed by a modified starch powder, preferably maltodextrin, in a ratio of at least three grams of starch powder for every one-eighth of a gram of  cannabis  oil is disclosed. Further disclosed are beverages, baked goods and single-serve beverage brewing cartridges utilizing or incorporating the powderized  cannabis  oil to create human-consumable products that contain an emulsified, tasteless, and odorless dose of  cannabis  oil.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The subject application claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/120,275, filed on Feb. 24, 2015, whichapplication is incorporated herein in its entirety by this referencethereto.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The embodiments of the described invention relate generally to methodsand compositions of matter for enabling concentrated cannabis oil to bestable, emulsifiable and flavorless for use in hot beverages or food bycombining said oil with a starch powder or starch-derived powder.Embodiments also relate to a variety of culinary uses for thestabilized, emulsified, flavorless concentrated cannabis oil powder.

BACKGROUND

Cannabis, also commonly known as marijuana, is a flowering plant thatincludes three species or sub-species, namely sativa, indica andruderalis. The plant is indigenous to Central Asia and the IndianSubcontinent. Cannabis has long been used for hemp fiber, for oils, formedicinal purposes and as a recreational drug. Cannabis plants produce agroup of chemicals called cannabinoids. The majority of these compoundsare secreted by glandular trichromes that occur abundantly on the floralcalyxes and bracts of female cannabis plants. When used by humansmedicinally or recreationally, cannabis can be consumed by a variety ofroutes, including vaporizing or smoking dried flower buds and leafportions, resins, extracted oils or waxes. However, in recent years manymedicinal patients, as well as recreational users, have begun to preferconsuming cannabis in edible form, by eating lozenges, candies, or bakedgoods, drinking beverages, or by taking capsules.

The most well-known cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol, oftenabbreviated as “THC.” The chemical formula for THC is C₂₁H₃₀O₂ and ithas the following chemical structure:

THC is an aromatic terpenoid and is widely recognized as the principalpsychoactive constituent in cannabis. THC has a very low solubility inwater, but good solubility in most organic solvents, specifically lipidsand alcohols.

The cannabis plant produces hundreds of other cannabinoids, terpenoidsand other compounds that are only beginning to be identified, studiedand categorized. One generally recognized cannabinoid that has medicalefficacy is Cannabidiol (“CBD”). It is a major constituent of the plant,second to THC, and represents up to 40% by weight, in its extracts.Compared with THC, CBD is not psychoactive in healthy individuals, andis considered to have a wider scope of medical applications than THC,including for epilepsy, multiple sclerosis spasms, anxiety disorders,bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, nausea, convulsion and inflammation, aswell as inhibiting cancer cell growth.

It is also believed by many researchers that many of the othercannabinoids, terpenoids and other compounds may have important healthbenefits and/or be capable of treating certain human diseases.

There are two characterized cannabinoid receptors in the human body,CB1, which is primarily located in the central nervous system, and CB2which is primarily located in the immune system and blood cells. Thesecannabinoid receptors are naturally present and are activated byendocannabinoids that are produced by the human body for neural and cellsignaling. In neurons, endocannabinoids bind to the CB1 receptors at thepre-synaptic junction and, among other effects, impact the release ofgamma-amino butyric acid (“GABA”). However, when THC is present in thehuman bloodstream, it binds to these cannabinoid receptors and causesmany different psychotropic effects.

Consumption of cannabis by a human generally results in a wide varietyof psychotropic effects, but which is often referred to as a “high.” Thecannabis high varies depending on many factors, including the strain ofcannabis, the amount consumed, the method of consumption, thebiochemistry of the individual consuming it and the individual's levelof experience in consuming cannabis. That said, a cannabis high caninclude euphoria, anxiety, a general alteration of conscious perception,feelings of well-being, relaxation or stress reduction, increasedappreciation of humor, music (especially discerning its variouscomponents/instruments) or the arts, joviality, metacognition andintrospection, enhanced recollection (episodic memory), increasedsensuality, increased awareness of sensation, increased libido, andcreativity. Abstract or philosophical thinking, disruption of linearmemory and paranoia or anxiety are also typical effects.

Cannabis consumption also often produces many subjective and highlytangible effects, such as greater enjoyment of food taste and aroma, anenhanced enjoyment of music and comedy, and marked distortions in theperception of time and space (where experiencing a “rush” of ideas fromthe bank of long-term memory can create the subjective impression oflong elapsed time, while a clock reveals that only a short time haspassed). Many individuals find some of these effects pleasing andenjoyable, while other individuals do not enjoy such effects.

Although cannabis has a high margin of safety, it can produce negativeside effects. At higher doses in humans, effects can include alteredbody image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudo-hallucinatory, andataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In somecases, in humans, cannabis can lead to dissociative states such asdepersonalization and derealization. Additionally, canine studies ofvery high doses of cannabis resulted in intoxication effects includingdepression, hypersalivation, mydriasis, hypermetria, vomiting, urinaryincontinence, tremors, hypothermia, bradycardia, nystagmus, agitation,tachypnea, ataxia hyperexcitability and seizures. Occasionally, heavyuse, or use by inexperienced human consumers, particularly in anunfamiliar environment, can result in very negative experiences. Anyepisode of acute psychosis that accompanies cannabis use usually abatesafter 6 hours, but in rare instances heavy users may find the symptomscontinuing for many days. If the episode is accompanied by aggression orsedation, physical restraint may be necessary.

While many psychoactive drugs clearly fall into the category of eitherstimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen, cannabis exhibits a mix of allproperties, perhaps leaning the most towards hallucinogenic orpsychedelic properties, though with other effects quite pronounced aswell. THC is typically considered the primary active component of thecannabis plant.

Cannabis growers have been developing different strains of cannabisplants that have different THC and CBD levels. Recently, medicalcannabis users have been demanding medical cannabis products that haveCBD as the main active ingredient, and little or no THC, providing someof the medicinal benefits of cannabis without the psychoactive effectscaused mainly by THC.

A psychoactive drug, psycho pharmaceutical, or psychotropic is achemical substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier and actsprimarily upon the central nervous system where it affects brainfunction, resulting in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness,cognition, and behavior. These substances may be used recreationally, topurposefully alter one's consciousness, or as entheogens, for ritual,spiritual, and/or shamanic purposes, as a tool for studying oraugmenting the mind. Many psychoactive drugs have therapeutic utility,e.g., as anesthetics, analgesics, or for the treatment of psychiatricdisorders.

Psychoactive substances often bring about subjective changes inconsciousness and mood that the user may find pleasant (e.g. euphoria)or advantageous (e.g. increased alertness) and are, thus, reinforcing.Thus, many psychoactive substances are abused, that is, usedexcessively, despite health risks or negative consequences. Withsustained use of some substances, psychological and physical dependence(“addiction”) may develop, making the cycle of abuse even more difficultto interrupt. Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle ofdependency, through a combination of psychotherapy, support groups,maintenance and even other psychoactive substances. However, the reverseis also true in some cases, that certain experiences on drugs may be sounfriendly and uncomforting that the user may never want to try thesubstance again. This is especially true of the deliriants (e.g. Jimsonweed) and powerful dissociatives (e.g., Salvia divinorum). Most purelypsychedelic drugs are considered to be nonaddictive (e.g. LSD,psilocybin, mescaline). “Psychedelic amphetamines” orempathogenentactogens (such as MDA and MDMA) may produce an additionalstimulant and/or euphoriant effect and, thus, have an addictionpotential.

In the early twentieth century, it became illegal in most of the worldto cultivate or possess cannabis. However, within the last decade, somestates and nations have begun to legalize the cultivation, possessionand use of cannabis for medical purposes. Currently, the use of medicalmarijuana is decriminalized or legalized in 32 U.S. states. Cannabis isused to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improveappetite in people with HIV/AIDS, to treat chronic pain, and help withmuscle spasms. Other possible medical uses, which are sometimesdisputed, include treatment of multiple sclerosis, AIDS wastingsyndrome, epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, glaucoma, PTSD, depression andgeneralized anxiety. However, many patients and consumers are hesitantto try or continue to consume cannabis, particularly in public, due tothe negative social stigma and negative health effects of smokingcannabis. Accordingly, there is a need to address the negative socialstigma and negative health effects of smoking cannabis, while allowingindividuals to still be able to consume it for medical reasons and itshealth benefits.

Further, within the last two years, several states in the United Stateshave legalized or decriminalized the cultivation, possession and use ofCannabis for recreational purposes. Currently, its use for any purposeby individuals over the age of eighteen has been decriminalized orlegalized in four states and the District of Columbia.

As such, some sources estimate that there are many more recreationalusers of cannabis than ever before, including new or otherwiseinexperienced consumers of cannabis. Yet, one significant drawback fornew recreational cannabis users, as well as medical patients, is thevariability in the amount of THC that is present in any given cannabisproduct, whether it is a smokable product, an oil, or an edible. Becauseof this variability, it is often difficult for new cannabis users tocorrectly gauge the appropriate amount of cannabis to consume, andlikewise it is often difficult for medical patients to accurately dosethemselves with the proper amount of THC, CBD or other cannabinoids toaddress their symptoms. As such, there is a need for a product thatenables a consumer to use an accurate, standardized dose of THC and CBD.

As discussed above, many medical patients and newer consumers ofcannabis now prefer to consume cannabis by eating or drinking it, ratherthan smoking. Frequently, edibles and drinks containing cannabis aremade using extracted cannabis oil. However, to date, cannabis expertsand companies manufacturing edibles and drinks containing cannabis havehad significant difficulty in producing edibles and drinks that did nothave a strong cannabis smell or flavor. Many medical patients and noviceusers find this smell and taste unpleasant, as, depending on the strainsused to create the oil, the smell and taste is reminiscent of a skunk,pine needles, herbs, or is strongly plant-like. This taste and smell isfrequently masked by the addition of other strong flavors or sugar, yetthis also often proves unsatisfactory. This is particularly true whencannabis oil is added to subtly flavored beverages such as coffee ortea. Accordingly, there is a need in the industry to develop a way tomake edibles and beverages containing cannabis oil that do not have astrong cannabis smell or taste.

Moreover, due to the solubility characteristics of cannabis oil,cannabis experts and companies manufacturing oils and drinks containingcannabis have had significant difficulty in producing an oil that can beadded to a drink in a way that the oil will be emulsified, or insolution, or evenly distributed throughout the drink. In many cases, thecannabis oil separates in water-based drinks, such as coffee or tea, andis unpleasant to drink. Moreover, such separation can lead to a medicalpatient not receiving an accurate dose, if the patient does not consumethe entire drink, particularly the separated oil portion of the drink.

Accordingly, there is a need for a standardized and measurable dosage ofTHC and CBD in a powder form, a way to enable consumers of cannabis toaccurately and repeatably deliver the same dose of THC and CBD toaddress their medical needs, a more socially acceptable, easier, andmore convenient way to consume cannabis than smoking it, a way to renderthe normally unpleasant tasting concentrated cannabis oil flavorless, away to fully capitalize on the medical benefits of CBD in cannabisproducts, to eliminate or minimize the psychoactive effects of THC, ifso desired, in cannabis products, or otherwise control the level of THCin a consumable form, a way for users to control the THC intake and itsassociated effects without the negative health aspects of inhalingsmoke, a way to select cannabis products made from sativa strains,indica strains or combination thereof, and that enables users to achievethe synergistic effect of caffeinated coffees or teas with cannabis,which can create a mildly euphoric effect in certain controlled doses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention address the needs described aboveand relate to making concentrated cannabis oil stable, emulsifiable andflavorless through the addition and mixing of a starch powder,particularly maltodexterin. This concentrated cannabis oil infusedpowder is effective as a food and beverage additive and could have ahigh CBD level and a wide range of THC levels, depending on the desiredoutcome. This concentrated cannabis oil powder can provide users anoption to decide the level of acceptable psychoactive effects causedmainly by THC, while getting the medical benefits of CBD.

One object and advantage of the present invention is to provide astandardized and measurable dosage of THC and CBD in a powder form, toenable consumers of cannabis to accurately and repeatably deliver thesame dose of THC and CBD to address their medical needs.

Another object and advantage of the present invention is to provide amore socially acceptable, easier, and more convenient way to consumecannabis than smoking it.

Another object and advantage of the present invention is to render thenormally unpleasant tasting concentrated cannabis oil flavorless.

Yet another object and advantage of the present invention is to providea way to fully capitalize on the medical benefits of CBD in cannabisproducts.

Yet another object and advantage of the present invention is toeliminate or minimize the psychoactive effects of THC, if so desired, incannabis products, or otherwise control the level of THC in a consumableform.

Yet another object and advantage of the present invention is to providea way for users to control the THC intake and its associated effectswithout the negative health aspects of inhaling smoke.

Yet another object and advantage of the present invention is to providea way to select cannabis products made from sativa strains, indicastrains or combination thereof.

Yet another object and advantage of the present invention is to providea method and compound that enables users to achieve the synergisticeffect of caffeinated coffees or teas with cannabis, which can create amildly euphoric effect in certain controlled doses.

The cannabis oil powder of the present invention is effective for use inapplications of hot beverages such as coffees and teas, in single servebeverage brewing cartridges (often referred to as a “K-Cup”, which bythe registered trademark of Keurig Green Mountain, Inc.) bottledbeverages, food/beverage additive packets intended to be poured directlyinto hot beverages, tea bags, coffee pods/filters, ground coffee andinstant coffee forms, as well as in recipes for baked goods or hotfoods, where there is a need for different controlled levels of CBD andTHC. Additionally, the cannabis oil powder of the present inventionlends itself to encapsulation and can be ingested orally in either pillor powder form.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the descriptions that follow, like parts or steps are markedthroughout the specification and drawings with the same numerals,respectively. The drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale andcertain figures may be shown in exaggerated or generalized form in theinterest of clarity and conciseness. The disclosure itself, however, aswell as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantagesthereof, will be best understood by reference to the following detaileddescription of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an embodiment of the process for powderizationof cannabis;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of further steps in an embodiment of the describedpowderization process;

FIG. 3A is a table showing the temperatures of one pound of cannabis oiland the water of a water bath, varying over time, during the warmingstep of an embodiment of the process for powderization of cannabis;

FIG. 3B is continuation of the table of FIG. 3A, showing thetemperatures of one pound of cannabis oil and the water of a water bath,varying over time, during the warming step of an embodiment of theprocess for powderization of cannabis;

FIG. 3C is continuation of the table of FIGS. 3A and 3B, showing thetemperatures of one pound of cannabis oil and the water of a water bath,varying over time, during the warming step of an embodiment of theprocess for powderization of cannabis; and

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship of the temperatures of aquantity of cannabis oil and the water of a water bath, vary ing overtime, during the warming step of an embodiment of the process forpowderization of cannabis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The description that follows is presented to enable one skilled in theart to make and use the present invention, and is provided in thecontext of a particular application and its requirements. Variousmodifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art, and the general principles discussed may be appliedto other embodiments and applications without departing from the scopeand spirit of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not intended tobe limited to the embodiments disclosed, but the invention is to begiven the largest possible scope which is consistent with the principlesand features described herein.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to the process of extractingconcentrated cannabis oil from cannabis plant materials and thencombining concentrated cannabis oil with a starch powder, such asmaltodextrin, to create a concentrated cannabis oil powder. Theresulting cannabis oil powder may be used to dose any edible or beverageso that a patient or recreational user can consume an accuratelymeasured dose of THC or CBD. The resulting cannabis oil powder isgenerally odorless and tasteless when added to edibles and drinks.Moreover, the resulting cannabis oil powder emulsifies quickly andeasily in hot beverages, thereby overcoming the historic problem ofseparation of cannabis oil and water when cannabis oil is added directlyto beverages.

Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment of the process generally includes thefollowing steps:

-   -   (a) extracting cannabis oil from cannabis plant material 10;    -   (b) testing extracted cannabis oil to determine its        concentration, generally by percent weight, of THC, CBD, and/or        other desirable terpenoids 20;    -   (c) selecting a cannabis oil that has desired characteristics,        including a desired originating cannabis plant material by        strain, a desired originating cannabis plant material by type        (sativa or indica), or a desired concentration of THC, CBD or        other desirable terpenoids 30;    -   (d) if desired, mixing more than one type of cannabis oil in        order to achieve a mixture of cannabis oil that has a desired        originating cannabis plant material by strain, a desired        originating cannabis plant material by type (sativa or indica),        or a desired concentration of THC, CBD or other desirable        terpenoids 40;    -   (e) measuring a desired quantity of the cannabis oil 50;    -   (f) selecting a starch powder 60;    -   (g) measuring a desired quantity of the starch powder, to        achieve a ratio of starch powder to cannabis oil, by weight, of        at least three grams of starch powder for every one-eighth of a        gram of cannabis oil 70 and preferably, achieving a ratio of        starch powder to cannabis oil, by weight of between three and        six grams of starch powder for every one-eighth of a gram of        cannabis oil;    -   (h) warming the desired quantity of the cannabis oil to reduce        its viscosity 80;    -   (i) mixing the desired quantity of the starch powder with the        warmed cannabis oil until the cannabis oil is evenly absorbed by        the starch powder 90;

Preferably, embodiments of the process also include the following stepsshown in FIG. 2:

-   -   (j) determining the amount of a desired individual dose of THC        100;    -   (k) determining the number of desired individual doses of THC in        each gram of the desired quantity of cannabis oil 110;    -   (l) determining a total number of desired individual doses of        THC in the powdered cannabis oil resulting from the mixing step        120;    -   (m) determining the weight of a powdered cannabis oil resulting        from the mixing step that contains a desired individual does of        THC 130;    -   (n) dividing the powdered cannabis oil into separate desired        individual doses of THC, based on the weight of the powdered        cannabis oil 130.

Several variations of the above process exist and are included in thescope of this disclosure. Likewise, although the above steps are apreferred embodiment, not all of the above steps are required topractice the present invention, except as limited by the claims setforth below.

Concentrated Cannabis Oil

Concentrated cannabis oil is made from cannabis plants. Each cannabisstrain has a particular cannabinoid (including CBD and THC) profile.Preferably, the concentrated cannabis oil used in the cannabis oilpowder of the present invention is extracted from cannabis plants usingany number of different extraction processes, discussed below. Dependingon the combination of cannabis strains that the concentrated cannabisoil is made from, each batch of concentrated cannabis oil has adifferent CBD vs. THC ratio, which will be used for different variantsof the present invention. Besides the CBD and THC content, concentratedcannabis oil used in the present invention also takes into account theperceived psychoactive effects of the species of cannabis plants used,particularly cannabis sativa and cannabis indica which are both annualherbaceous plants in the cannabis genus. The perceived effects of sativaare well known for its cerebral high, hence it is often used during thedaytime as medical cannabis, while indica is perceived as havingsedative effects which some prefer for nighttime use. A careful andskillful selection process of cannabis strains is conducted to ensurethe concentrated cannabis oil yielded from the extraction, or theconcentrated cannabis oil selected from many different batches ofextractions, has a particular CBD:THC ratio range and a desirable sativaand indica proportion.

Each batch of concentrated cannabis oil yielded from extractionpreferably is sent to a laboratory so that its CBD and THC level can betested using the liquid chromatography method. Liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LC-MS, or alternatively HPLC-MS) is an analyticalchemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilitiesof liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilitiesof mass spectrometry (MS). Results of the LC-MS test will indicate CBDand THC content by weight in each batch of concentrated cannabis oil.Moreover each batch of concentrated cannabis oil preferably will gothrough a phenol analysis to determine the phenol level. If desired,various batches of concentrated cannabis oil may be mixed to achieve amixture that has the desirable CBD:THC ratio and sativa vs. indicaproportion. Separation of CBD from THC is also possible during theextraction process, when it is performed using CO2 extraction, and THCand CBD may be blended to attain a desired ratio of CBD to THC.

Modified Starch Maltodextrin

Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is used as a food additive. It isproduced from starch by partial hydrolysis and is usually found as awhite hygroscopic spray-dried powder. Maltodextrin is easily digestible,being absorbed as rapidly as glucose, and might be either moderatelysweet or almost flavorless. It is commonly used for the production ofsodas and candy. It can also be found as an ingredient in a variety ofother processed foods. Maltodextrin consists of D-glucose unitsconnected in chains of variable length. Maltodextrin can beenzymatically derived from any starch. Maltodextrin has no flavor.Maltodextrin has a glycemic index ranging from 85 to 105.

Manufacturing Process

While the manufacturing process for cannabis oil powder may begin withextraction of the concentrated cannabis oil, and a C02 extracted oil ispreferred, commercially available cannabis oil may also be obtained.

To manufacture the cannabis oil powder, first, concentrated cannabis oilwith a particular desired THC:CBD ratio and sativa vs. indica or hybridof the two, proportion is selected. Selections will be based on demandand cyclical availability of plant trimmings related to differentharvest seasons. If the desirable THC:CBD ratio concentrated cannabisoil is not available, a few concentrated cannabis oils of differentTHC:CBD ratios may be mixed to attain the desirable levels.

Extraction

The powderization of cannabis begins with cannabis extract in the formof oil. Essential oils and waxes are extracted from the cannabis plantinto their raw, concentrated form. These extracted oils can then bepowderized by adding starch-based emulsifiers such as maltodextrin.Extracted oils are preferable as a base material because of theirhigher, concentrated THC/CBD content, their properties lend themselvesto powderization, and they produce a diminished presence of plant-liketastes and flavors common in edibles infused with other forms ofcannabis.

There are numerous ways to extract the essential oils from the cannabisplant. The two most common methods of separating oils and waxes fromplant material are mechanical/physical separation and chemical/solventextraction. Both methodologies have pros and cons regarding time, cost,and potential yields. One thing all methods of extraction have in commonis that the resultant yields always depend upon the original conditionand quality of the plant material and how it was grown.

Mechanical separation typically involves the use of a screen or filterand cold temperatures. Cold temperatures freeze the tiny trichomeslocated on plant leaves. Trichomes contain most of the essential oilsand waxes intended for extraction. When these trichomes are frozen(typically with ice water or dry ice), they become brittle and break off(separate) from the leaf material. These separated trichomes are thenfiltered from the leaf material, leaving what is referred to as hash orkief. These materials have a crumbly texture and do not lend themselvesto powderization, so this hash product must then be post-processed usinga solvent such as ethanol in order to create an oily, fluid consistency.This method, involving the use of ethanol as a solvent, is oftenreferred to as the “Rick Simpson Oil” method, or RSO. Ingesting anysolvent, even alcohol, is dangerous so, before consumption, the ethanolmust be removed. This can be done by simple evaporation, accelerated bythe addition of heat. A rotary evaporator is the best tool for this jobdue to the ability to keep temperatures relatively low and preserveflavor and terpenes. This process of ice-water extraction is laboriousand time consuming and is not a preferred way to obtain concentrates.

Chemical/solvent separation is the preferred method of extraction overmechanical separation because this method returns higher yields,however, the type of solvent is of the utmost importance. Using highlycombustible chemical solvents such as butane and propane are rapidlybecoming outmoded methods of extraction. They are dangerous during themanufacturing process and if not carefully removed from the resultingoil, they are dangerous to consume. In some cases, these manufacturingmethods are becoming outlawed. In addition, post-processing isabsolutely critical to ensure the complete removal of the harmful andpotentially poisonous solvents.

The safest, cleanest way to extract essential oils from the cannabisplant is to use a CO2 extractor. This type of extraction chamber useshighly pressurized “supercritical” and “subcritical” carbon dioxide gasto pull oils and resins from plant matter. Pressurized CO2 isnon-flammable, non-toxic, and though it acts just as a hydrocarbonsolvent or organic-chemical solvent would in removing the resinouscompounds from cannabis leaf material, CO2 leaves no residual solventbehind. The resulting oils and waxes are solvent-free and generally donot require post-processing. CO2 extractors also keep much of theplant's biochemical properties intact, producing a concentrated oil thatcontains the same properties as when the oil was growing in bud form.Another unique benefit to using this method is its customizationcapabilities. Depending on the original biochemical makeup of the plantmaterial, using CO2 extraction chambers allow the manufacturer to createan output with a distinct and specified cannabinoid profile or aspecific texture/viscosity depending on how the final product isintended to be used. Fine tuning the machine's temperature and pressureparameters allows the manufacturer to hone the output and achieve aspecifically desired product. For example, if a manufacturer intends tomake a product with a specific terpene profile for use as a sleep-aid,or if the product is required to have a specific THC:CBD ratio, a CO2extraction machine can generally accomplish these goals.

The CO2 oil extraction has several advantages over other methods. First,CO2 is non-toxic and is Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA foruse in food products. Other extraction solvents, such as hydrocarbonbased propellants like propane and butane, hexane and pentane, orethanol/alcohol mixtures require additional processing beyond theextraction process in order to ensure the product is safe forconsumption. With CO2 oil extraction, no toxins, heavy metals orhydrocarbon materials come in contact with the extracted oils. The spentmaterial is also free of residual contaminates so it can be re-used aswell. Second, CO2 is non-flammable. It does not require costlyexplosion-proof facilities. Third, CO2 is “cold.” Using CO2, cannabisoil extractions can be done at temperatures that are native to theplant, minimizing thermal degradation of the plant material and theextracted oil. Fourth CO2 is “tunable.” Specifically, the solvency powerof CO2 can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing pressures and/ortemperatures. Fifth, CO2 is inexpensive and readily available. CO2 oilextraction systems recirculate and subsequently recover 95% of the CO2used in each extraction. Finally, CO2 is environmentally friendly. Itdoes not contribute to the overall atmospheric CO2 levels.

While the C02 extraction method is the current preferred method ofconcentrated cannabis oil extraction, there are multiple methods ofproducing concentrated cannabis oil. Future technologies may lead tomore efficient means of production of concentrated cannabis oil in thefuture.

After cannabis oil is extracted, a preferred additional step called“winterization” or “de-waxing” should be carried out. Winterization is apost-processing technique used for extracted cannabis oils. While it isnot a requirement for the extraction of essential oils, it is sometimespreferred when manufacturing products for vape pens and edibles.Winterization further removes plant waxes, fats, and lipids from theextracted CO2 oil, leaving a thinner, less viscous, and slightly moreconcentrated product. Ethanol and below-freezing temperatures are usedto separate, harden, and remove all remaining waxy materials. Theethanol is then distilled off using the above mentioned rotaryevaporator or other distillation technique.

All of the aforementioned methodologies create a cannabis oil productthat lends itself to powderization through the addition of starch-basedemulsifiers. As the cannabis industry matures and new technologiesemerge, new extraction methods will also apply in the powderization ofessential cannabis oils and may be useful in the method describedherein.

Decarboxylation

There are over 400 chemical compounds that define the chemical makeup ofthe cannabis plant. THC and CBD are the two most commonly identifiedcompounds, and their symbiotic relationship gives the cannabis plant itsmany healing attributes. THC content levels are of the utmost importancefrom the viewpoint of producers of cannabis products. Cultivators,extractors, and edibles manufacturers alike, all regard THC content asthe critical aspect that lends (increased) value to their product.

Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component withinthe chemical makeup of the cannabis plant, is not readily available forconsumption and absorption by a user, because in nature the THC existsas carboxylate acid, namely Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). THCA isnot itself a psychoactive compound, however, studies have shown that itembodies properties such as anti-inflammation, anti-emetic, andneuroprotective aspects. Typically, removal of the carboxyl group isaccomplished by a chemical reaction when heat is applied to the THCA,such as when cannabis plant material is smoked. This step is referred toas “decarboxylation” and it must be carried out at some point before orduring the consumption of cannabis oil in order for the THC to beavailable to the consumer.

Edibles producers, unlike cultivators and extractors, face the addedtask of decarboxylation of their cannabis material before (or after)infusing their products and sending them to market. Otherwise, theedible items, while still containing numerous beneficial cannabinoids,will not induce the intended psychoactive properties. This is becauseconsumers are understandably not expected to smoke or vape an infusedbrownie or chocolate bar. Instead, the THCA must have already beenconverted to THC within the infused product, so that ingestion producesthe desired effect.

This decarboxylation process can be accomplished in a variety ofdifferent ways and at any level of processing. Raw flower, bud or trimcan be decarboxylated (without being smoked and before being processeddown into concentrates) as can raw concentrates again, without beingsmoked or vaped and before being infused into edibles. It is up to theedibles manufacturer at which point to decarboxylate their cannabismaterial, and this decision will be made on the basis of time, cost,availability, feasibility, and convenience.

The most effective tool for decarboxylation of cannabis is a vacuumoven. Conventional ovens will also work, but their temperaturesfluctuate significantly, and keeping a steady, precise temperature, notan average temperature, is key to successful decarboxylation. Vacuumovens also allow for the cannabis to decarboxylate at a relatively lowtemperature for a longer period of time. Keeping the temperaturerelatively low also helps prevent boiling off some of the othernon-psychoactive yet highly beneficial cannabinoids in the cannabismaterial. For example, using a conventional oven to decarboxylatecannabis at a temperature of 240 degrees Fahrenheit for 60 minutes willconvert most, if not all, of the THCA content into THC. However, in theprocess, the medicinally beneficial terpenoids and flavonoids with muchlower evaporation points will have been boiled off, resulting in theloss of many of the believed and suspected health benefits from thesecompounds. Rather, using a vacuum oven to decarboxylate cannabis at 120degrees Fahrenheit for 24 hours will convert THCA into THC and preservethe precious terpene profile.

Powderization

The powderization of cannabis begins with cannabis oil. Essential oilsare extracted from the cannabis plant into their pure or raw oil form.These extracted oils can then be powderized by adding starch-basedemulsifiers such as maltodextrin. In addition, it is important to notethat before beginning any powderization, cannabinoid content,particularly the THC percentage by weight, should be known and verifiedthrough lab testing.

Typically, extracted oils from the cannabis plant retain a highviscosity. High-viscosity oils are difficult to manage and theirproperties contribute to loss and waste in a factory setting. To remedythis, gently warming the oil via water bath transforms the extracted oilinto a manageable, low-viscosity liquid. To accomplish this, fill avessel, such as a pot or laboratory water bath that is large enough tofit the jar or container containing the extracted cannabis oil, withwater. Carefully place the jar of oil, preferably uncovered, into thewater, making sure not to let any water spill into the oil. Keeping thelid on the jar may cause pressure to build in the container if anybubbles should form. The water level should reach at least halfway upthe outside of the oil container.

Place the water bath on low heat to slowly and gently warm the water andtherefore, the oil. Slowly and gently heating the oil via water bathensures an even application of heat and prevents the oil from burning.Preferably, the oil and water are heated over time in accordance withthe table and graph shown in FIGS. 3A-C and 4, showing exemplary heatingtimes and temperatures for approximately one pound of cannabis oil beingheated in approximately one gallon of water in a water bath. Preferably,the cannabis oil is heated until it is approximately the same viscosityas a light syrup or teriyaki sauce. This preferred oil viscosity isachieved at between 80 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit oil temperature. Evenmore preferably, the preferred oil viscosity is achieved at between 84and 90 degrees Fahrenheit oil temperature.

Once the oil has been gently heated and is at a manageable, liquidviscosity, maltodextrin or other suitable human-consumable powder ismixed with the oil using an industrial blender. Commercial equipment, asopposed to hand-blending or a home appliance, is preferred to mix theoil and starch together to ensure total and complete even absorption ofthe powder by the oil. If the oil and starch are not thoroughly mixed,this will cause “hot spots,” i.e., uneven disbursement of the oil in thepowderized oil, leading to inaccurate dosing.

To obtain the preferred ratio of maltodextrin to oil, compute thefollowing: at least 3 grams of maltodextrin is preferred for every ⅛gram of oil to create a powder that will completely emulsify in a hotliquid. First, obtain the weight of the oil in grams. Divide the totalweight of the oil into ⅛ths of a gram. To do this, simply divide theweight of the oil by 0.125. Multiply this quotient by 3 to get the totalgrams of maltodextrin required to powderize the oil. (grams ofoil/0.125)*3=grams of maltodextrin to be mixed with oil.

Lower ratios of maltodextrin to oil may also be useful, but are notpreferred. For example, a ratio of maltodextrin to cannabis oil of aslow as 3 grams of maltodextrin to a half-a-gram of oil will still allowthe oil to be powderized in such a way that, when added to hot water,the powder will dissolve and most of the oil will emulsify, with somevisible oil droplets at the surface of the hot water. To reiterate, themore powder (emulsifier) that is used, the easier it is for the materialto be stable in water and the less oil “residue” will be found on top ofthe liquid or sides of beverage container, resulting in a morecommercially viable product due to its more pleasing appearance, tasteand complete mixing.

Once a manufacturer has determined the weight of the maltodextrinrequired to powderize, slowly add the heated oil to the pre-weightedmaltodextrin. Mix thoroughly using an industrial blender until thepowder achieves complete uniformity. Visual inspection of the powdershould conclude that there are no visible “spots” of oil and the powderis a uniform golden-yellowish color.

From this point, the powder is sent to the lab for testing and dosagecorroboration.

Lab tests will aid in honing exact dosage amounts and should always bedeferred to when dosing infused products with a specified amount ofcannabis. However, to estimate what a single dose will be (use 15 mgTHC, for example) the following math can be applied, assuming theoriginal oil was lab tested and THC % is known:

-   -   Multiply the THC percentage of the oil by 10. For example, if        the THC percentage is known to be 65%, multiply 65*10 to        get: 650. This is the number of milligrams of THC for every one        gram of oil.    -   Since we have determined that a single dose is 15 mg THC, we        divide the product from above by 15 to obtain the number of        single doses per gram of oil.    -   650/15=43.3. This means there are 43.3 15 mg doses in a single        gram of oil at 65% THC.        (65*10=650 mg/g)÷15 mg dose=43.3 doses/g    -   Next, to obtain the total number of closes in the entire batch        of oil, multiply the number of doses per gram of oil (43.3        above) by the total grams of oil originally used. For example,        if we originally powderized 1 lb (454 grams) of oil, we would        multiply 43.3*454 to get 19,658.2 total 15 mg doses in the        entire batch of (the now powderized) oil.        43.3*454=19,658.2 total 15 mg doses per batch    -   After determining the total number of doses per batch, simply        divide the total weight of the batch by the total number of        doses to obtain the weight of a single dose. According to the        example above, if we used 454 grams of oil originally, we would        have a total powderized weight of 11,350 grams (25 lbs).        Dividing this by the total number of doses will give us an        approximation of 0.58 grams of powderized oil for a single dose.        11350÷19658.2=0.5774 grams powderized oil in a single 15 mg dose

Due to decimal rounding, these figures, while reasonably accurate, arestill approximations and should always be corroborated through labtesting to ensure precise dosage.

Finally, while the above description has been largely directed to theuse of maltodextrin, other starch powders, may be used in this process.Additionally, other types of powders fit for human consumption may beused, including but not limited to whey protein isolate, whey proteinisolate (both dairy-based and plant-based), xanthan gum/guar gum(guaran), mono- and diglycerides, and carboxymethyl cellulose (cellulosegum) so long as they absorb the oil when blended together, dissolve whenadded to a liquid, remain dissolved in that liquid and have nopost-mixing separation of the powder and the oil.

Uses of the Powderized Cannabis Oil

The resulting stable, emulsifiable and flavorless concentrated cannabisoil infused powder may be added to or used in many differentapplications where the addition of cannabis is desired. For example, thepowderized cannabis oil may be used in a wide variety of recipes, hotbeverages, tea bags and single serve beverage brewing cartridges, whichare often referred to by the trademark “K-cups,” bottled beverages thatare brewed hot, food additive packets intended to be poured directlyinto hot beverages, tea bags, coffee pods/filters, ground coffee andinstant coffee packages, as well as added to or used in the manufactureof lozenges, candies and capsules. The amounts of concentrated cannabisoil infused powder added to the aforementioned applications will beproduced in varying doses of THC and CBD depending on the desiredamount.

To achieve a specific THC/CBD mg dosage in each product, mixing ratiosof CO2 extracted cannabis oil and maltodextrin will depend on thepotency, determined by lab testing, of the cannabis oil, but aregenerally preferred to be at least three grams of maltodextrin to eachone-eighth of a gram of cannabis oil. In addition, depending on theviscosity of the oil, more or less maltodextrin will be used. Take, forexample, a hypothetical batch of CO2 cannabis oil tested at aconcentration of 48% THC and 1.7% CBD. This means that every gram of oilat this concentration contains 480 mg of THC and 170 mg of CBD. So, tomake one 40 mg product, we mix 0.08 g (40÷480) of oil with approximately2 grams of maltodextrin to create an infused powder containing 40 mgTHC. For an 80 mg product, we mix 0.17 g (80÷480 rounded) of oil withapproximately 4 grams of maltodextrin to create the concentratedcannabis oil infused maltodextrin powder containing 80 mg THC.

The infused powder applies to a 40 mg THC dose or an 80 mg THC dose (forexample) that can be inserted into a coffee filter/pod directly with thecoffee grounds, in a tea bag with the tea leaves, inside a single serve“k-cup” in the filter with the coffee grounds or tea leaves or below thefilter at the bottom of the “k-cup,” inserted in an instant coffeegrounds pack or placed in a packet, like sugar or aspartame, which canbe poured directly into a hot beverage or hot soup and or baked intofood items. All of the aforementioned applications will have the sameefficacy, regardless of how the concentrated cannabis oil infusedmaltodextrin powder is ingested by a user. Varying amounts ofconcentrated cannabis oil infused maltodextrin powder can be used tomake THC or CBD doses ranging from 5 mg to 200 mg, and up, andpreferably between 5 mg and 150 mg, depending on medical need, staterestrictions, and consumer demand.

The creation of the concentrated cannabis oil infused maltodextrinpowder will take place in a sterile, food grade manufacturing facility.The concentrated cannabis oil infused maltodextrin powder will beprecisely added to each of the aforementioned applications throughautomated, mass production equipment with nitrogen sealed packaging toensure an 18 month shelf life.

As demonstrated, exact recipes will depend on lab tests and the exactconcentrations of each batch of CO2 oil. However, these slightvariations in concentration will be compensated for during themanufacturing process. In addition, the product is odorless andtasteless, so there will be no discernible difference from unit to unitfrom the consumer's perspective. Each k-cup, tea bag, the concentratedcannabis oil infused maltodextrin powder packet or ground coffee willdeliver the consistent quality and expected experience to the end user.

Application/Recipes

Additionally, a number of exemplar recipes for making edible productsand beverages using cannabis oil powder of the present invention areprovided as follows, but are not intended to be limiting.

Gelatin Shots (makes 24×10 mg servings):

Ingredients

-   -   1 pkg. (3 oz.) gelatin mix    -   3 cups hot water    -   1 cup cold water    -   240 mg THC powder    -   24 single-serve paper cups

Directions

-   -   Heat 3 cups water to boiling. Stir in gelatin mix and THC        powder. Stir for 2 min or until completely dissolved. Add 1 cup        cold water. Continue to stir and keep solution well mixed while        dispensing equal amounts (approx. ½ oz.) into 24 single-serve        paper cups.    -   Refrigerate approximately 4 hours or until gelatin becomes firm,        before consuming.

Cookies, most varieties (makes 2-dozen 10 mg cookies):

Ingredients

-   -   Any cookie recipe    -   240 mg THC powder

Directions

-   -   Follow recipe as directed. Mix/dissolve THC powder with        vegetable oil and/or eggs. If recipe does not call for veg.        oil/eggs, THC powder should be added first in the batter-making        process. Mix batter VERY thoroughly (with a hand blender) before        dispensing 24 equal-sized (about ½ tbsp.) spoonful's onto cookie        sheet. Bake as directed.

Brownies, most varieties (makes 12×10 mg brownies):

Ingredients

-   -   Any brownie recipe    -   120 mg THC powder

Directions

-   -   Follow recipe as directed. Mix/dissolve THC powder with        vegetable oil and/or eggs. If recipe does not call for veg.        oil/eggs, THC powder should be added first in the batter-making        process. Mix batter VERY thoroughly (with a hand blender) before        dispensing into baking tray. Bake as directed. Cut into 12        equal-sized 10 mg squares.

Cupcakes/Muffins, most varieties (makes 12×10 mg cupcakes):

Ingredients

-   -   Any cupcake/muffin recipe    -   120 mg THC powder

Directions

-   -   Follow recipe as directed. Mix/dissolve THC powder with        vegetable oil and/or eggs. If recipe does not call for veg.        oil/eggs, THC powder should be added first in the batter-making        process. Mix batter VERY thoroughly (with a hand blender) before        dispensing equal amounts of batter into cupcake/muffin tray.        Bake as directed.

Pancakes (makes 12×10 mg pancakes):

Ingredients

-   -   Any pancake recipe    -   120 mg THC powder

Directions

-   -   Follow recipe as directed. Mix/dissolve THC powder with        vegetable oil and/or eggs. If recipe does not call for veg.        oil/eggs, THC powder should be added first in the batter-making        process. Mix batter VERY thoroughly (with a hand blender) before        dispensing equal amounts of batter onto heated skillet.

Cake (makes 12×10 mg cake slices):

Ingredients

-   -   Any cake recipe    -   120 mg THC powder

Directions

-   -   Follow recipe as directed. Mix/dissolve THC powder with        vegetable oil and/or eggs. If recipe does not call for veg.        oil/eggs, THC powder should be added first in the batter-making        process. Mix batter VERY thoroughly (with a hand blender) before        dispensing batter into baking tray. Bake as directed. Cut into        equal-sized 10 mg slices.

Instant Oatmeal (one serving):

Ingredients

-   -   1 pkg. (1.5 oz) instant oatmeal    -   ⅔ cup water or milk    -   10 mg THC powder

Directions

-   -   Empty contents of package into a microwave-safe bowl. Add THC        powder to dry oats. Add ⅔ cup water or milk and stir. Microwave        as directed. Remove from microwave and stir thoroughly before        enjoying.

Make-Your-Own K-Cups (single serve coffee brewing cartridge cups):

Ingredients

-   -   10 mg THC powder    -   1 tbsp. coffee or tea

Directions

-   -   Before placing the filter, place THC powder at the bottom of the        single serve coffee brewing cartridge cup. Place filter. Fill        with coffee or tea (approx. 1 tbsp.). Secure lid. Place into any        K-cup brewer and operate as instructed. THC powder will permeate        certain coffee filters better than others. To avoid any loss of        THC powder by filtration, it is recommended to bypass the filter        by placing the powder material at the bottom of the cup.

Beverages (e.g., water, lemonade, tea, coffee, hot cocoa, soda, juice,milk, cider, bouillon (broth), shakes and smoothies, etc.):

Ingredients

-   -   10 mg THC powder    -   Consumer's beverage of choice

Directions

-   -   Mix/dissolve THC powder into HOT water or HOT beverage    -   If beverage is not intended to be ingested hot, the liquid may        be poured over ice or refrigerated/cooled as desired once the        THC powder has already been dissolved. The THC powder will        remain emulsified in the beverage after cooling, however, the        initial application of the powder must be into a HI-OT liquid,        due to the unique emulsification properties of the powderized        oil.    -   When infusing carbonated beverages that may require the        application of a concentrated syrup, it is best to initially        heat the syrup and dissolve the THC powder into the heated        syrup, then add water and carbonate.    -   THC powder can be added just as any other ingredient when        blending a milkshake or fruit smoothie without the application        of any heat. Obviously, the application of heat to a shake or        smoothie would deteriorate the quality of such beverages. Adding        the THC powder during the blending process lends itself well to        making infused shakes/smoothies without heat and does not        produce issues like clumping/sticking of oil onto sides of        container, if sufficient blending is carried it, i.e. at least        2-3 minutes.

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed,those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that changes canbe made to the specific embodiments without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is not to berestricted, therefore, to the specific embodiments disclosed.

What is claimed is:
 1. A tablet or capsule consisting essentially ofcannabis oil and maltodextrin.
 2. The tablet or capsule of claim 1,wherein the ratio of the maltodextrin to the cannabis oil, by weight, isat least three grams of maltodextrin to every one-half of a gram ofcannabis oil.
 3. The tablet or capsule of claim 1, wherein the ratio ofthe maltodextrin to the cannabis oil, by weight, is at least three gramsof maltodextrin to every one-eighth of a gram of cannabis oil.
 4. Thetablet or capsule of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the maltodextrin tothe cannabis oil, by weight, is at least five grams of maltodextrin toevery one-eighth of a gram of cannabis oil.
 5. The tablet or capsule ofclaim 1, wherein the ratio of the maltodextrin to the cannabis oil, byweight, is no more than one-eighth of a gram of cannabis oil to everythree grams of maltodextrin.
 6. The tablet or capsule of claim 1,wherein the ratio of the maltodextrin to the cannabis oil, by weight, isbetween three grams and six grams of maltodextrin to every one-eighth ofa gram of cannabis oil.
 7. The tablet or capsule of claim 1, wherein thecannabis oil is evenly absorbed by the maltodextrin.
 8. The tablet orcapsule of claim 1, wherein the cannabis oil contains at least 5milligrams of THC.
 9. The tablet or capsule of claim 1, wherein thecannabis oil contains between about 5 milligrams and 200 milligrams ofTHC.
 10. The tablet or capsule of claim 1, wherein the cannabis oilcontains between about 5 milligrams and 150 milligrams of THC.
 11. Thetablet or capsule of claim 1, wherein the cannabis oil contains 10milligrams of THC.
 12. The tablet or capsule of claim 1, wherein thecannabis oil contains 15 milligrams of THC.
 13. The tablet or capsule ofclaim 1, wherein the cannabis oil contains between about 40 milligramsand 80 milligrams of THC.
 14. The tablet or capsule of claim 1, whereinthe cannabis oil has been extracted from a cannabis plant material usingcarbon dioxide extraction.
 15. The tablet or capsule of claim 1, whereinthe cannabis oil is decarboxylated.